How does ionization occur when radiation interacts with matter?

Ionization occurs when radiation interacts with matter primarily through the process of imparting sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms. This is a fundamental interaction in radiation safety, as the ability of radiation to ionize atoms is what makes it potentially harmful.

When high-energy radiation, such as X-rays, gamma rays, or certain types of particles, passes through a material, it transfers energy to the electrons in the atoms of that material. If the energy transferred is greater than the binding energy that holds the electron in the atom, the electron can be ejected from its orbit, resulting in the formation of an ion. The resulting ion consists of a positively charged atom and a free electron, which can lead to further chemical reactions and biological effects.

Other options do not correctly capture the mechanism of ionization. Heating atoms may increase their thermal energy but does not necessarily remove electrons; instead, it can cause changes in state or thermal expansion. Causing atoms to split generally refers to nuclear fission, which is a different process not related to the ionization of individual atoms in matter. Forming stable compounds involves chemical bonding and reactions that do not typically contribute to ionization. Thus, the process of ionization through energy transfer leading to electron removal is distinct and critical